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India is a fascinating country with a rich history that stretches back thousands of years. It’s a land of diverse cultures, languages, religions, and traditions, all shaped by the influences of different civilizations. I’m writing this article because, when I first explored India, it took me some time to get my bearings, and I believe this will help you get a closer look at India’s ethnic groups, their history, places they live, lifestyles, societal roles, traditional attire, and religions. But to navigate this maze of diversity, let’s start with a historical context and the formation of India as a multicultural nation. 

The Development and Emergence of India 

India’s roots lie in prehistoric civilizations, like the renowned Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa), which emerged around 2500 BCE. This civilization was one of the oldest urban cultures, laying foundations for urbanism, architecture, and commerce. With the arrival of Aryan tribes around 1500 BCE, the Sanskrit language developed, and a societal structure began to take form, later evolving into the caste system. Over the centuries, India became home to great empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, bringing remarkable advancements in art, science, and religion. From my perspective, another important period was the Mughal rule, which blended Persian influences with Indian ones, leaving a rich legacy in architecture and art—a heritage I personally admire. Finally, British colonization, which had a significant impact on India, ended with India gaining independence in 1947, yet its effects can still be felt today. 

India’s Ethnic Groups and Their Cultural Wealth 

In India, we find a wide range of ethnic groups, each bringing unique traditions, customs, languages, attire, and religions. Let’s explore some of the most prominent ethnic groups and their characteristics. 

1. Hindus predominantly live in northern and central India. They represent the majority, forming the largest population group in India, with most practicing Hinduism. Many live in villages and small towns engaged in agriculture, while others work in various professions in large cities. Traditional attire varies by region, but women often wear saris, and men wear dhotis or kurta-pyjamas. However, Western clothing is also common in cities. Hindu society adheres deeply to the caste system, which remains ingrained. 
2. Muslims are mainly found in northern and western India (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir, Gujarat, Maharashtra). Their lifestyle and social role stem from Islam, which entered India with Middle Eastern traders and was later spread by the Mughals. Muslims form India’s second-largest religious group, involved in everything from crafts to modern industries. Women often wear burqas or hijabs, and men traditionally wear kurtas and pyjamas or Western attire. 
3. Sikhs predominantly live in Punjab, though several of my friends proudly identify as Sikhs and find no issue moving across India. Sikhs are known as brave warriors and enterprising people. Sikhism, a unique monotheistic religion, emerged in the 15th century. The caste system is rejected in Sikhism, with a strong emphasis on equality. Sikh men typically wear turbans as a symbol of their faith, while women prefer simple dresses similar to saris or salwar kameez. 
4. Buddhists are mainly concentrated in northern regions like Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Darjeeling in West Bengal. Some communities are also found in Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh, influenced by Tibetan Buddhist refugees. They live simple, spiritually focused lives, often devoted to Buddhist teachings that emphasize meditation, peace of mind, and the removal of suffering through spiritual liberation. Many Buddhists engage in farming or crafts. Buddhist monks and nuns wear simple robes, often in shades of orange, yellow, or red—colors symbolizing purity, humility, and devotion. 
5. Christians form the largest community in Kerala and Goa, with notable communities also in Tamil Nadu, Nagaland, Mizoram, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Kerala has an ancient Christian community, claiming St. Thomas the Apostle as their founder in the first century CE. Christians have a significant influence in education and healthcare, with many Christian schools and hospitals providing quality services within local communities. For me, the most touching part of my experience was realizing how committed the Christian community is to charity and helping the poor. Christian attire resembles European styles but is adapted to local conditions. Women may wear simple-patterned saris or Western dresses for special occasions, while men typically wear shirts and trousers. 

The Caste System in India and Its Structure 

The caste system divides people into social groups based on heritage and occupation. Traditionally, this system consists of four main castes: 

• Brahmins: Teachers and Priests

  Brahmins are the highest caste, regarded as the spiritual and intellectual leaders of society. They typically take on professions like teaching, research, priesthood, and religious counseling. Brahmins are highly educated and often occupy higher positions, especially in education and government services. Personally, I always felt a certain sense of superiority from Brahmins I encountered. 
• Kshatriyas: Warriors and Government Officials

  Kshatriyas are the second-highest caste and have historically been associated with military and administrative roles. Today, they are often represented in the military, police, and government services. Similar to family traditions in our culture, if a father was a policeman, the son is likely to follow. I found it surprising how much these people value their work, often dedicating their entire lives to it. Kshatriyas are known for their honor and courage, with a strong emphasis on physical fitness and social status—often highlighted during our conversations. 
• Vaishyas: Merchants and Farmers

  Vaishyas are traditionally merchants and farmers, considered the entrepreneurial class and involved in trade, agriculture, and crafts. They are vital to India’s economy. My impression of them was always respectful; they were friendly and sincere despite their demanding livelihoods. However, they sometimes struggle financially, barely making ends meet despite their essential role in the economy. 
• Shudras: Laborers and Servants

  Shudras are the lowest caste in the traditional system, mostly engaged in manual labor and services. Although historically marginalized, today they have access to education and more diverse job opportunities. Shudras are involved in crafts, construction, and services, with modernization and new job openings helping improve their living conditions. They form a significant functional layer in India, around 25-30%, where their income barely reaches minimum standards, yet they support all sectors. 
• Dalits

  It’s difficult for me to grasp that beneath this system lies a group often referred to as the “Untouchables” or Dalits, performing “impure” tasks and facing social marginalization. Despite social discrimination, many Dalits today find opportunities in various professions, gain education, and earn a place in society. Currently, they are protected by law, with state programs supporting their inclusion, reminiscent of the Roma people in my country and how society views them. 

While castes are officially abolished today, their influence persists and can be felt everywhere. I wasn’t deeply affected by it during my travels, as I was perceived as a foreigner, but it’s clear that people are immediately categorized at a glance, even in casual encounters on the streets. 

To sum up, I would strongly recommend that we, as Europeans, make an effort to understand who lives in India and what principles they follow before we visit. This awareness will help you navigate the country more easily and avoid surprises at the things you might find ordinary but are absolutely unique in India.