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India is a fascinating country with a rich history that stretches back thousands of years. It’s a land of diverse cultures, languages, religions, and traditions, all shaped by the influences of different civilizations. I’m writing this article because, when I first explored India, it took me some time to get my bearings, and I believe this will help you get a closer look at India’s ethnic groups, their history, places they live, lifestyles, societal roles, traditional attire, and religions. But to navigate this maze of diversity, let’s start with a historical context and the formation of India as a multicultural nation. 

The Development and Emergence of India 

India’s roots lie in prehistoric civilizations, like the renowned Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa), which emerged around 2500 BCE. This civilization was one of the oldest urban cultures, laying foundations for urbanism, architecture, and commerce. With the arrival of Aryan tribes around 1500 BCE, the Sanskrit language developed, and a societal structure began to take form, later evolving into the caste system. Over the centuries, India became home to great empires like the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, bringing remarkable advancements in art, science, and religion. From my perspective, another important period was the Mughal rule, which blended Persian influences with Indian ones, leaving a rich legacy in architecture and art—a heritage I personally admire. Finally, British colonization, which had a significant impact on India, ended with India gaining independence in 1947, yet its effects can still be felt today. 

India’s Ethnic Groups and Their Cultural Wealth 

In India, we find a wide range of ethnic groups, each bringing unique traditions, customs, languages, attire, and religions. Let’s explore some of the most prominent ethnic groups and their characteristics. 

1. Hindus predominantly live in northern and central India. They represent the majority, forming the largest population group in India, with most practicing Hinduism. Many live in villages and small towns engaged in agriculture, while others work in various professions in large cities. Traditional attire varies by region, but women often wear saris, and men wear dhotis or kurta-pyjamas. However, Western clothing is also common in cities. Hindu society adheres deeply to the caste system, which remains ingrained. 
2. Muslims are mainly found in northern and western India (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir, Gujarat, Maharashtra). Their lifestyle and social role stem from Islam, which entered India with Middle Eastern traders and was later spread by the Mughals. Muslims form India’s second-largest religious group, involved in everything from crafts to modern industries. Women often wear burqas or hijabs, and men traditionally wear kurtas and pyjamas or Western attire. 
3. Sikhs predominantly live in Punjab, though several of my friends proudly identify as Sikhs and find no issue moving across India. Sikhs are known as brave warriors and enterprising people. Sikhism, a unique monotheistic religion, emerged in the 15th century. The caste system is rejected in Sikhism, with a strong emphasis on equality. Sikh men typically wear turbans as a symbol of their faith, while women prefer simple dresses similar to saris or salwar kameez. 
4. Buddhists are mainly concentrated in northern regions like Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Darjeeling in West Bengal. Some communities are also found in Maharashtra and Himachal Pradesh, influenced by Tibetan Buddhist refugees. They live simple, spiritually focused lives, often devoted to Buddhist teachings that emphasize meditation, peace of mind, and the removal of suffering through spiritual liberation. Many Buddhists engage in farming or crafts. Buddhist monks and nuns wear simple robes, often in shades of orange, yellow, or red—colors symbolizing purity, humility, and devotion. 
5. Christians form the largest community in Kerala and Goa, with notable communities also in Tamil Nadu, Nagaland, Mizoram, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Kerala has an ancient Christian community, claiming St. Thomas the Apostle as their founder in the first century CE. Christians have a significant influence in education and healthcare, with many Christian schools and hospitals providing quality services within local communities. For me, the most touching part of my experience was realizing how committed the Christian community is to charity and helping the poor. Christian attire resembles European styles but is adapted to local conditions. Women may wear simple-patterned saris or Western dresses for special occasions, while men typically wear shirts and trousers. 

The Caste System in India and Its Structure 

The caste system divides people into social groups based on heritage and occupation. Traditionally, this system consists of four main castes: 

• Brahmins: Teachers and Priests

  Brahmins are the highest caste, regarded as the spiritual and intellectual leaders of society. They typically take on professions like teaching, research, priesthood, and religious counseling. Brahmins are highly educated and often occupy higher positions, especially in education and government services. Personally, I always felt a certain sense of superiority from Brahmins I encountered. 
• Kshatriyas: Warriors and Government Officials

  Kshatriyas are the second-highest caste and have historically been associated with military and administrative roles. Today, they are often represented in the military, police, and government services. Similar to family traditions in our culture, if a father was a policeman, the son is likely to follow. I found it surprising how much these people value their work, often dedicating their entire lives to it. Kshatriyas are known for their honor and courage, with a strong emphasis on physical fitness and social status—often highlighted during our conversations. 
• Vaishyas: Merchants and Farmers

  Vaishyas are traditionally merchants and farmers, considered the entrepreneurial class and involved in trade, agriculture, and crafts. They are vital to India’s economy. My impression of them was always respectful; they were friendly and sincere despite their demanding livelihoods. However, they sometimes struggle financially, barely making ends meet despite their essential role in the economy. 
• Shudras: Laborers and Servants

  Shudras are the lowest caste in the traditional system, mostly engaged in manual labor and services. Although historically marginalized, today they have access to education and more diverse job opportunities. Shudras are involved in crafts, construction, and services, with modernization and new job openings helping improve their living conditions. They form a significant functional layer in India, around 25-30%, where their income barely reaches minimum standards, yet they support all sectors. 
• Dalits

  It’s difficult for me to grasp that beneath this system lies a group often referred to as the “Untouchables” or Dalits, performing “impure” tasks and facing social marginalization. Despite social discrimination, many Dalits today find opportunities in various professions, gain education, and earn a place in society. Currently, they are protected by law, with state programs supporting their inclusion, reminiscent of the Roma people in my country and how society views them. 

While castes are officially abolished today, their influence persists and can be felt everywhere. I wasn’t deeply affected by it during my travels, as I was perceived as a foreigner, but it’s clear that people are immediately categorized at a glance, even in casual encounters on the streets. 

To sum up, I would strongly recommend that we, as Europeans, make an effort to understand who lives in India and what principles they follow before we visit. This awareness will help you navigate the country more easily and avoid surprises at the things you might find ordinary but are absolutely unique in India.

While the Agra Fort and Taj Mahal are undoubtedly the dominant landmarks in Agra, there is another equally fascinating yet lesser-known site worth visiting: the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula. This beautiful structure, also known as the “Baby Taj” or “Jewel Box,” holds an important place in the history of Mughal architecture and is often considered the precursor to the grand Taj Mahal.

History and Significance of Itmad-ud-Daula
The tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula was built between 1622 and 1628 by Nur Jahan, the wife of Emperor Jahangir, in honor of her father, Mirza Ghiyas Beg, a prominent courtier and minister in the Mughal court. Ghiyas Beg held a significant position in the Mughal Empire, and his title, Itmad-ud-Daula, means “Pillar of the State.” After his death, his daughter had this magnificent tomb built, reflecting the power and influence of her family.

Architectural Features and Innovation
Itmad-ud-Daula is regarded as India’s first marble tomb and a true breakthrough in Mughal architecture. Unlike earlier Mughal structures made primarily of red sandstone, Itmad-ud-Daula was built from white marble and decorated with precious stones. This structure inspired the construction of the Taj Mahal and represents the first use of intricate inlay techniques in Indian architecture, which later became characteristic of Mughal mausoleums.

• Dimensions and Details: The tomb is set on a raised platform in the middle of a garden, adorned with intricate mosaics of semi-precious stones such as jasper, agate, and turquoise. These gemstones form beautiful floral patterns, geometric shapes, and arabesques on the marble walls.
• Play of Light and Shadow: The tomb features carved marble screens through which soft light filters in, creating a delicate interplay of light and shadow in the interior. This innovative element was later used in the Taj Mahal, giving the interior a meditative and mystical atmosphere.
• Gardens: Itmad-ud-Daula is surrounded by magnificent Mughal gardens characteristic of the period. Symmetrical canals and fountains are part of the Charbagh (four gardens) style, dividing the garden into four parts, symbolizing the paradise gardens mentioned in Islamic tradition.

Interesting Facts and Lesser-Known Details

1. Baby Taj: Itmad-ud-Daula is often nicknamed the “Baby Taj” due to its smaller size and the detailed craftsmanship that inspired the later construction of the Taj Mahal. Although smaller, its architectural perfection makes it one of the most important Mughal monuments.
2. A Feminist Monument: The tomb was commissioned by Nur Jahan, one of the most influential women of the Mughal Empire. She was not only the emperor’s wife but also a political advisor and a true power behind the throne. Itmad-ud-Daula is one of the few structures in India from this era commissioned by a woman.
3. Precursor to the Taj Mahal: The tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula was the first Mughal mausoleum to use white marble and semi-precious stone inlay, inspiring the construction of the Taj Mahal a few decades later. Although Itmad-ud-Daula is smaller, its rich details are a technical forerunner to the famous Taj Mahal.

Visitor Tips

• Tip 1: Opening Hours
  Itmad-ud-Daula’s tomb is open daily from sunrise to sunset. Morning visits are ideal for enjoying the soft light that filters through the marble screens into the tomb’s interior.
• Tip 2: Entrance Fees
  The entrance fee for local tourists is about 20 INR (0.25 EUR), while foreign visitors pay 210 INR (2.40 EUR). This makes Itmad-ud-Daula an affordable alternative to the Taj Mahal, allowing you to see a Mughal-era architectural gem without large tourist crowds.
• Tip 3: Getting There
  Itmad-ud-Daula’s tomb is located on the eastern bank of the Yamuna River, about 4 km from the Taj Mahal. You can rent a rickshaw or taxi, or walk if you enjoy exploring Agra’s less-touristic areas.
• Tip 4: Guides
  Although not as famous as the Taj Mahal, hiring a local guide at Itmad-ud-Daula is recommended for a detailed insight into its history and architecture. A guide usually costs around 300 INR (about 3.50 EUR), which is excellent value as you’ll discover hidden details and historical connections of this beautiful structure.
• Tip 5: Local Atmosphere
  Since Itmad-ud-Daula’s tomb is less crowded than other tourist sites in Agra, it offers a more peaceful experience. It’s an ideal spot for those seeking quiet and serenity while exploring history.
• Tip 6: Photography
  Itmad-ud-Daula provides many beautiful spots for photography, especially at sunrise when the light gently illuminates the marble façade and reflects off the semi-precious stones. This site is a paradise for photographers who want to capture less-known yet equally fascinating landmarks.

Conclusion
The tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula is one of the most precious jewels of Mughal architecture and a true gem in Agra. While it may not draw the same crowds as the Taj Mahal, it is a place where you can quietly appreciate technical and artistic perfection. Visiting this site is like traveling back in time, discovering the first steps toward the magnificent Taj Mahal.

Agra Fort, also known as Lāl Kilā, is among the grandest treasures of Mughal architecture, and visiting it is essential for travelers in India. Standing at the main entrance, I felt eager to explore what lay inside, as the fort’s grandeur was apparent right from the start. Built of red sandstone, it reflects both the military strength and the artistic skills of the era. Located on the banks of the sacred Yamuna River, its walls contain more than 400 years of history. For travelers longing to uncover majestic tales of power, love, and betrayal, Agra is where history truly comes to life.

Built by Emperor Akbar in the latter half of the 16th century, the fort served as the primary residence of the Mughal emperors. Akbar used it not only as a strategic military fortress but also as a symbol of his power and wealth. The entire complex is surrounded by massive walls stretching around 2.5 kilometers along the Yamuna River. These walls protected the imperial court from enemies and provided a splendid view of the river and surrounding gardens. My fascination grew as our guide vividly narrated stories on the main courtyard, inviting me to imagine guards standing in each opening of the walls. When I counted up to a hundred, the guide revealed that over 10,000 soldiers guarded the fort, rotating throughout the day from a permanent force of 15,000.

Fascinating Architectural Details
Agra Fort is not merely a defensive structure but rather a majestic complex of beautiful palaces, gardens, mosques, and other significant buildings. Emperor Akbar, with his sense of symmetry and detail, designed many of these buildings, which were expanded and modernized under his successors.

Among the most beautiful structures are the marble mosques, Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) and Nagina Masjid (Gem Mosque). These mosques exemplify the fine stonework that is so typical of the Mughals. The fort also features hollow walls that circulated water to cool the rooms, one of the many innovative elements that provided comfort even in tropical conditions. Besides the mosques, the fort also includes imperial palaces often decorated with inlaid stones, creating a mesmerizing play of light and shadow.

Agra Fort is also where Emperor Shah Jahan was imprisoned in the final years of his life. He, famously known for building the Taj Mahal in memory of his late wife Mumtaz Mahal, allegedly viewed his symbol of love from the fort until his death.

Interesting Facts to Note

1. Symmetry and Beauty: Agra Fort is built with absolute symmetry, reflecting Islamic aesthetic principles. Even the gardens and fountains are arranged with attention to symmetry and geometric patterns.
2. Historical Significance: Agra Fort was home to some of the most significant emperors of the Mughal Empire, including Shah Jahan and his son Aurangzeb, who fought over the throne. This site witnessed the rise and fall of the empire, shaping Indian history.
3. Military Stronghold: Having visited numerous European castles, I found the fort’s strategic elements somewhat reminiscent of Central European fortresses. The fort’s massive fortifications protected the imperial court from invasions and uprisings. The Yamuna River supplied water and served as a natural barrier.

What to See and Experience
Visitors to Agra Fort can explore various palaces and monuments that are part of this grand complex:

• Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audiences): The emperor received and judged the public here, an enormous open hall with a raised throne.
• Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audiences): This hall was where the emperor received the most important guests and dealt with state affairs.
• Sheesh Mahal (Mirror Palace): Famous for its exquisite decoration with small mirrors that create beautiful reflections of light.
• Jehangir’s Palace: A palace built by Emperor Akbar for his son Jehangir, showcasing exemplary Mughal architecture.

Visitor Tips

• Tip 1: Opening Hours
  Agra Fort is open daily from sunrise to sunset. It’s recommended to visit early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid the largest crowds and enjoy some personal time.
• Tip 2: Ticket Prices
  Ticket prices are 40 INR (about 0.50 EUR) for locals and 550 INR (about 6.30 EUR) for foreign tourists. Remember that some parts of the fort are still under the control of the Indian military and are not accessible to the public. Several soldiers on-site will gladly guide you to avoid getting lost and may share some information for a small tip, which cost me 100 INR (around 1.20 EUR).
• Tip 3: How to Get There
  The fort is only 2.5 km from the Taj Mahal, so many tourists plan to visit both on the same day. Although the distance seems manageable on foot, it is recommended to take a rickshaw or taxi, especially in hot weather.
• Tip 4: Guides
  At Agra Fort, you can hire a guide who will provide a detailed overview of its history and attractions. Guides charge around 700 INR (about 8 EUR), but it’s always good to negotiate as prices may be higher if you’re unfamiliar with local rates, starting from around 1400 INR (approximately 16 EUR).
• Tip 5: Distance from the Train Station
  If arriving by express train, Agra Fort is just 5.5 km from Agra Cantt railway station. You can take a taxi or rickshaw directly from the station.
• Tip 6: Where to Buy Souvenirs
  After visiting Agra Fort, you can stop by markets near the southern gate, where you’ll find local crafts and souvenirs. For collectors, I recommend the local stone shops selling replicas of the intricate stones found in the fort and the Taj Mahal.
• Tip 7: Be Aware of Local Rickshaw Drivers
  They may take you to various shops along the way without your consent to earn a few extra rupees. Be firm in expressing your preferences, or if you’re interested in shopping, be mindful that prices are often adjusted to European standards, which are significantly higher.

In Conclusion
Agra Fort is not just a majestic testament to the power of the Mughal Empire but also an architectural jewel worth exploring. Every step within its walls brings history to life – from military triumphs to personal tragedies. A tour of this fort allows you to see more than just sandstone and marble wonders. You’ll feel the breath of history and understand the significance of this structure, which tells the story of one of the world’s mightiest empires. Set aside several hours for your visit. In 1983, Agra Fort was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, underscoring its global historical importance.

As the first of my blogs, I decided to write about my experience and the emotion I had with the Taj Mahal. Like many people from all over the world, India also attracted me. But what was most advertised in the media was the magnificent Taj Mahal. The wonder of the world, the fascinating view, the majesty and other superlatives also attracted me to this place. The name of this fascinating mausoleum translates as “crown of palaces”. Emperor Shahjahan wanted to prepare the most luxurious resting place for his beloved wife in this way. When he lost her, he transformed his unrelenting grief into a magnificent vision to honor his wife. The place he chose had to meet a number of parameters, but above all it had to be a dignified final resting place. However, few people know their love story and sad ending. 

Sources state that in 1631 AD l. was Shah Jahan, the emperor at the height of the Mughal Empire, deeply saddened when his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died while giving birth to their child, Gauhar Ara Begum. The chronicles also illustrate stories of love and heartbreak, traditionally considered the inspiration for the Taj Mahal.

But what is even more interesting, and few people know until they get to the place, is that the Emperor’s original plans were even more dignified. Another building was supposed to stand opposite the current palace. It was supposed to mirror and be a true copy of the Taj Mahal. The difference would be that the second structure would be built of black marble. Mystically, they would create two worlds together. This is because these places were to be separated only by the river bed. In the end, the realization did not happen because of the long battles that the emperor led against his son and which financially drained the country’s treasury.

Today, the Taj Mahal is considered a modern wonder of the world. About 7 million tourists visit it every year.About 10% of them are foreigners. Which will also bring huge profits to the state treasury every year. Just for comparison, from statistical data, a similar number of tourists annually visit the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

A very nice surprise for me was the quality and processing of the marble, the inlaying and literally the jewelry work in the form of master stonemasons. But what surprised me was the story about the four minarets. Until I arrived at the place, I did not read about this fact anywhere. He fascinated me all the more. The four minarets as part of the Taj Mahal are not only precisely laid out, but also have their two futuristic, timeless innovations. They are built to tilt slightly outwards. One of the reasons is practical, in that they are supposed to protect the mausoleum in case of an earthquake so that it collapses outwards and not on the Taj Mahal. The second reason is for an optical illusion. From a distance, they effectively create the feeling of a much larger structure, and from any direct direction you look at the Taj Mahal, you always see four minarets, making the mausoleum look more magnificent. It’s not just that it captures and fascinates. There is another optical illusion. The supporting columns on the mausoleum are laid out of stone in such a way that the closer you get, the more walls of the column you can see. However, as you go further, the number of walls decreases until a hexagon is formed.

However, I was surprised by the fact that not only Shah Jahan’s wife is buried in the Taj Mahal, but also the emperor himself. Their tombs are located in the center of the building and are modest compared to the rest of the building and are hardly decorated at all. With this expression, they respect the strictly established Muslim rules. However, the room is richly decorated and its majesty is breathtaking to behold.

In the end, however, I can say that I warmly recommend everyone to see the Taj Mahal. The feelings I experienced in this place exceeded my expectations and I didn’t want to leave. The touch of the love story of two beloved people in the form of the materialization of this building and its surroundings is something I will definitely always like to visit again.

Tips for you:

Tip 1, The Taj Mahal officially opens 30 minutes before sunrise and closes 30 minutes before sunset six days a week except Friday. It’s a bit unconventional, but the paradox is that people are already waiting in line for tickets.

Tip 2, Taj Mahal tickets and prices – as one of the many Indian buildings, it has a set model of entry conditions for domestics. A complete ticket for an Indian costs 300 Inr. = 3.50 Euro, but for a foreigner it costs 1200 Inr. = 13.50 EUR. WARNING !!! There are two types of tickets to the area + to the mausoleum.

Tip 3, Guides – There are two types of guides in India and the Taj Mahal was no different. Certified with a card around the neck and those who pretend to be. Because we are “different”, they tear at us and convincingly explain the need to have a guide with us. Since they can’t tell us apart, they ask too much for my taste. My recommendation until you get to 700 Inr. = 7.5 Euros, which is a reasonable price for the Taj Mahal guide until then, bargain. I managed to do it. However, I definitely recommend the guide, in this object, the details and the story really matter.

Tip 4, Do not stand in queues for tickets, even if they declare that foreigners are preferred, until you push through the crowd. Buy a ticket to the guide, he will take care of it in a few minutes.

Tip 5, After passing through the main gate, you will have to take off your shoes approximately in the middle of the area and, according to Muslim tradition, enter barefoot. However, it is well organized so there is no need to worry.

Tip 6, At the exit through the southern gate, there is an old alley with shops. Immediately after the crossing on the left side is the shop of stone masons who come from a direct line of stone masons who built and decorated the Taj Mahal. It is certainly very interesting to hear this story and see their work.